2013年5月21日星期二

How to Test the Percentage of Water in Glycol

How to Test the Percentage of Water in Glycol
Glycols are a class of organic chemicals that have two hydroxyl groups (OH). Glycols are part of the alcohol family and have unique characteristics. Ethylene glycol (commonly used as antifreeze) is the simplest glycol, having two carbon atoms and two hydroxyl groups. Ethylene glycol has a boiling point of 387 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and has an affinity for water. To purify ethylene glycol and determine the percentage of water requires distillation. Once the glycol is distilled and the effluent (water) is measured, a concentration percentage of water in the glycol can be found.

Instructions
1
Pour 2.5 fluid ounces (75 mL) of ethylene glycol into the beaker and weigh on the digital scale. Write down the weight in ounces and call that value M-1.

2
Place the beaker on the heating plate and insert the thermometer leads into the ethylene glycol. Turn the heating plate control to the mid-point and record the temperature every 10 minutes.



3.Observe the temperature and ensure it rises to 250 degrees F. Adjust the heating plate control to reach the target temperature. Water boils off at 212 degrees F and ethylene glycol boils at 387 degrees F. Boiling the solution at a temperature above 212 F is a simple separation technique that separates the water with a lower boiling point from the the glycol with a higher boiling point. Ensure the target temperature of 250 F remains steady for 30 minutes.

4
Weigh the beaker on the digital scale, write down the weight in ounces and label that value M-2.

5
Divide M-2 by M-1 and subtract that value from 1.0. Multiply this value by 100 to determine the percentage of water in the glycol. For example, if M-1 was 50 ounces and M-2 was 39 ounces, then 1-(M-2/M-1) x 100 would equal 22% water. Use a calculator to check your work.


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How to Repair Intercoms

How to Repair Intercoms

If you have an intercom system that isn't working as it should, it can be frustrating as it will mean you may not be aware when you have visitors. Most intercom problems are straightforward to fix and you only need basic awareness of how they operate in order to repair them. If you live in an apartment block, you need to ensure that your intercom is working properly

Instructions
1
Look at your intercom buzzer and assess it for any signs of damage or general wear and tear. If they're doesn't appear to be any visible damage to the button itself, then move onto the next stage.

2
Use the screwdriver to remove the intercom casing in order to assess the state of the wiring inside. Take a close look at the wiring and make sure that it has a good contact with the button of your intercom. If there is a large accumulation of dust or dirt, use your cloth and rubbing alcohol to remove it.



3.Use the voltage meter to test the voltage of your intercom system because this could be a potential reason it isn't working. Now touch the wires together to see if you can hear the intercom buzzer noise when they make contact. If no noise results, then the transformer is at fault.

4
Inspect the low-voltage wiring connected to the transformer. If this has become loose, tighten it up using your screwdriver.

5
Inspect the intercom buzzer wiring. If you spot any loose wiring, use the screwdriver and electrical tape to tighten it up or repair any damage to the surface of the wiring. Now use the volt meter again to test the voltage. Your intercom will have a voltage reading of between 6 and 16 volts if it is working correctly.





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How to Test Antifreeze With a Hydrometer

How to Test Antifreeze With a Hydrometer

Using an automotive antifreeze hydrometer to check your vehicle’s coolant level is a relatively simple task. Certain hydrometers work only on ethylene glycol-based antifreeze (which is green in color). Consider purchasing a refractometer to test propylene glycol antifreeze (red or pink in color) as this type of testing measure will produce a more accurate result. Certain GM and European vehicle makes use different colors to distinguish their antifreeze types. If you are not sure what type of coolant your vehicle uses, consult your owner’s manual



Instructions
1
Allow your vehicle’s engine to cool sufficiently. The coolant in your vehicle must be around room temperature to avoid injury and produce accurate readings with the hydrometer.

2
Open your vehicle’s hood and locate the radiator fill cap. (Read your vehicle’s owner's manual if you are unsure of its location.) Touch the cap with your hand to verify that it is cool. If the radiator cap is hot, wait for the engine to cool further before removing.



3.Cover the radiator cap with the cotton rag and push down slightly while you unscrew the cap in a counterclockwise motion. Lift the cap off the radiator fill neck and set it to the side. Run your finger under the filler neck inside the radiator to check for metallic residue or discolored debris.

4
Have the radiator flushed and refilled with new coolant if the coolant is discolored or contaminated with debris particles. If the coolant is not contaminated, lower the hose end of the hydrometer into the radiator fill neck. Squeeze the rubber bladder located on the top of the hydrometer and slowly release it to draw the coolant into the tester.

5
Ensure that the hydrometer is completely filled with coolant and note where the indicator points on the “freeze point” scale. The freeze point of the coolant should not be above minus 34 degrees Fahrenheit. If the reading shows a higher freeze point, you must have your cooling system flushed and refilled with coolant.

6
Check the other side of the hydrometer for the “boiling point” reading. The coolant reading should show a boiling point of at least 265 degrees Fahrenheit. If the indicated boiling point is lower than the minimum, have the coolant flushed and refilled.

7
Replace the radiator cap by placing it on the radiator neck and pushing downward while twisting it clockwise until it locks into place. Be sure to squeeze the small amount of coolant in the hydrometer back into the radiator before installing the cap. You may want to check the condition of the cap seal and replace the cap if necessary.



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How to Fix a Mac Mighty Mouse That Doesn't Scroll

How to Fix a Mac Mighty Mouse That Doesn't Scroll

ne of the coolest things about the Apple mighty mouse is its scroll ball, because it can scroll in every direction. However, the experience can become far less magical when your scroll ball stops working properly, but have no fear of your mighty mouse. With patience and some really tiny tools, you can get your mouse working properly again in no time

Instructions
Diagnose the Problem

1
Try cleaning the external parts of the apple mighty mouse with rubbing alcohol first. The scroll ball often stops working because dirt particles get into the small wheels inside the mouse that the scroll ball rolls against. Be sure to unplug the mouse from its power source before doing anything.

2
Apply a small amount of rubbing alcohol to a paper towel or lint free cloth.



3.Wipe the scroll ball with the rubbing alcohol, making sure to roll the scroll ball with the damp cloth. This makes sure that all sides of the scroll ball get clean. Remove any loosened dirt using a dry part of the towel.

4
Wait for the alcohol to evaporate for 30 minutes or more and then plug the mighty mouse back into a power source. Test the scroll ball. If your scroll ball still won't work properly, continue to the next section.



Fix the problem
5
Unplug the mouse and find a well lit area and a clean surface to work on. The mighty mouse is comprised of small components that can stop functioning correctly if exposed to more dirt, or if pieces are lost when taking the mighty mouse apart.

6
Remove the inner ring by using a small screwdriver to lift it out. Don't force the inner ring out. There are eight pins attached to the ring on the inside that can break easily.

7
Cut around the outer ring with a small utility knife, separating the glue from the plastic on the mighty mouse. This is easy to break, so take your time when removing this piece. The goal is to lift it out in one piece.

8
Insert your small screwdriver on the top side of the mouse cord so that once separated, the mouse cord is attached to the bottom panel of the mouse components. Press the still attached part of the mouse sideways to loosen the hinges.

9
Leave the two flat cables attached once separated. Using a small Phillips head screwdriver, unscrew the three screws holding the roller ball in.

10
Take off the white inner casing carefully to release the ball and inner wheel pins. These are extremely small so consider using a small tray to prevent them from rolling away while you remove any dirt and grime from them.

11
Reassemble the mouse by reversing these steps, being sure to snap together the pieces of your mighty mouse carefully to avoid accidentally cracking the plastic.


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